en Optimal design Optimal design پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Optimization strategies have turned out to be a requirement in the design and construction of dams<span lang="IT" style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in"> because of the increasing demand for water resources, hydropower generation, and flood control and due to the inbuilt high cost and complexities of such massive structures <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="931237600" 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style="border:none">(1)</span></w:sdt></span></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="897939848" 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style="border:none">(2)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="-1815951183" 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style="border:none">(3)</span></w:sdt></span>&nbsp; <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="-2126386505" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(4)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="754721340" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_eyJjaXRhdGlvbklEIjoiTUVOREVMRVlfQ0lUQVRJT05fYmRiODkxMzUtY2RiYS00OWJkLTk4NTktZTJkZTIwZGRjYTFlIiwicHJvcGVydGllcyI6eyJub3RlSW5kZXgiOjB9LCJpc0VkaXRlZCI6ZmFsc2UsIm1hbnVhbE92ZXJyaWRlIjp7ImNpdGVwcm9jVGV4dCI6Iig1KSIsImlzTWFudWFsbHlPdmVycmlkZGVuIjpmYWxzZSwibWFudWFsT3ZlcnJpZGVUZXh0IjoiIn0sImNpdGF0aW9uSXRlbXMiOlt7ImlkIjoiNWEwMWZiODctOTNmNS01Y2ZjLWJlNGYtYmVkNDE4MmM1N2NhIiwiaXRlbURhdGEiOnsiRE9JIjoiMTAuMTE1NS8yMDE2LzQ5NzEwNDgiLCJJU1NOIjoiMTU2MzUxNDciLCJhYnN0cmFjdCI6IlRoaXMgcGFwZXIgY29tYmluZWQgd2l0aCB0aGUgYWRhcHRpdmUgcHJpbmNpcGxlIHRvIGltcHJvdmUgdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgYWxnb3JpdGhtcyAoR0EpIGFuZCBhcHBsaWVkIGl0IHRvIG9wdGltYWwgZGVzaWduIG9mIHRoZSBzaGFwZSBvZiB0aGUgY29uY3JldGUgZmFjZSByb2NrLWZpbGwgZGFtIChDRlJEKS4gQmFzZWQgb24gdGhlIGltcHJvdmVkIEdBLCBhIG1hdGhlbWF0aWNhbCBtb2RlbCB3YXMgZXN0YWJsaXNoZWQgZm9yIHRoZSBkZXNpZ24gb3B0aW1pemF0aW9uIG9mIENGUkQuIENGUkQgdXRpbGl6ZXMgZGFtIGNvc3QgYXMgb2JqZWN0aXZlIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGFuZCBkYW0gc2xvcGUgYW5kIGdlb21ldHJpZXMgb2YgdGhlIGRhbSBtYXRlcmlhbCBwYXJ0aXRpb24gYXMgZGVzaWduIHZhcmlhYmxlcy4gRGFtIHN0YWJpbGl0eSwgc3RyZXNzLCBkaXNwbGFjZW1lbnQsIGFuZCBzdHJlc3MgbGV2ZWwgYXJlIHVzZWQgYXMgdGhlIG1haW4gY29uZGl0aW9uIGNvbnN0cmFpbnRzLiBUaGUgY2FsY3VsYXRpb24gcHJvY2VkdXJlcyB3ZXJlIHByZXBhcmVkLCBhbmQgdGhlIEdBIHdhcyB1c2VkIHRvIG9wdGltaXplIHRoZSBkZXNpZ24gb2YgSmlzaGl4aWEgQ0ZSRC4gUmVzdWx0cyBzaG93IHRoYXQgdGhlIEdBIGNvdWxkIHNvbHZlIHRoZSBnbG9iYWwgb3B0aW1hbCBzb2x1dGlvbiBwcm9ibGVtIG9mIGNvbXBsZXggb3B0aW1pemF0aW9uIGRlc2lnbiwgc3VjaCBhcyB0aGUgaGlnaCBkZWdyZWUgb2Ygbm9ubGluZWFyaXR5IGFuZCB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlbmVzcyBvZiBjb25zdHJhaW50IGNvbmRpdGlvbnMsIGFuZCB1c2luZyB0aGUgR0EgdG8gb3B0aW1pemUgdGhlIENGUkQgZGVzaWduIGNhbiByZWR1Y2UgdGhlIHF1YW50aXRpZXMgb2YgcHJvamVjdHMgYW5kIGVuZ2luZWVyaW5nIHNhZmV0eSBjb3N0cy4iLCJhdXRob3IiOlt7ImRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwiZmFtaWx5IjoiTGkiLCJnaXZlbiI6IllhbmxvbmciLCJub24tZHJvcHBpbmctcGFydGljbGUiOiIiLCJwYXJzZS1uYW1lcyI6ZmFsc2UsInN1ZmZpeCI6IiJ9LHsiZHJvcHBpbmctcGFydGljbGUiOiIiLCJmYW1pbHkiOiJXYW5nIiwiZ2l2ZW4iOiJKaW5nIiwibm9uLWRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwicGFyc2UtbmFtZXMiOmZhbHNlLCJzdWZmaXgiOiIifSx7ImRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwiZmFtaWx5IjoiWHUiLCJnaXZlbiI6IlplbmdndWFuZyIsIm5vbi1kcm9wcGluZy1wYXJ0aWNsZSI6IiIsInBhcnNlLW5hbWVzIjpmYWxzZSwic3VmZml4IjoiIn1dLCJjb250YWluZXItdGl0bGUiOiJNYXRoZW1hdGljYWwgUHJvYmxlbXMgaW4gRW5naW5lZXJpbmciLCJpZCI6IjVhMDFmYjg3LTkzZjUtNWNmYy1iZTRmLWJlZDQxODJjNTdjYSIsImlzc3VlZCI6eyJkYXRlLXBhcnRzIjpbWyIyMDE2Il1dfSwidGl0bGUiOiJEZXNpZ24gb3B0aW1pemF0aW9uIG9mIGEgY29uY3JldGUgZmFjZSByb2NrLWZpbGwgZGFtIGJ5IHVzaW5nIGdlbmV0aWMgYWxnb3JpdGhtIiwidHlwZSI6ImFydGljbGUtam91cm5hbCIsInZvbHVtZSI6IjIwMTYiLCJjb250YWluZXItdGl0bGUtc2hvcnQiOiJNYXRoLiBQcm9ibC4gRW5nLiJ9LCJ1cmlzIjpbImh0dHA6Ly93d3cubWVuZGVsZXkuY29tL2RvY3VtZW50cy8/dXVpZD1kMzNkMTQwZi0zMzA3LTRlZjgtOTAxMC1jOWU3ZDAzY2ViMTgiXSwiaXNUZW1wb3JhcnkiOmZhbHNlLCJsZWdhY3lEZXNrdG9wSWQiOiJkMzNkMTQwZi0zMzA3LTRlZjgtOTAxMC1jOWU3ZDAzY2ViMTgifV19"><span style="border:none">(5)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="-1939664601" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(6)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="1060288024" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(7)</span></w:sdt></span>. This review paper summarizes recent advances on dam optimization, covering a broad scope of dam types, primary objectives, approaches, and performance evaluation indices. It highlights the vast transition from traditional, at times time-consuming, trial-and-error based design techniques and classical optimization methods to efficient meta-heuristic (MH) and hybrid algorithms that outperform in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and global exploration <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="-1802989155" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(1)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="1929461966" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(3)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="1597597600" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_eyJjaXRhdGlvbklEIjoiTUVOREVMRVlfQ0lUQVRJT05fNzJhYTgxMzctNzQ5ZS00ZDM1LTk2MGEtYWQ3MTI5NzAzMDI4IiwicHJvcGVydGllcyI6eyJub3RlSW5kZXgiOjB9LCJpc0VkaXRlZCI6ZmFsc2UsIm1hbnVhbE92ZXJyaWRlIjp7ImNpdGVwcm9jVGV4dCI6Iig4KSIsImlzTWFudWFsbHlPdmVycmlkZGVuIjpmYWxzZSwibWFudWFsT3ZlcnJpZGVUZXh0IjoiIn0sImNpdGF0aW9uSXRlbXMiOlt7ImlkIjoiNmRiYmYyOTMtZjNkNS01MzVhLWJkYTAtYWViNDRmYmJiZWQ2IiwiaXRlbURhdGEiOnsiRE9JIjoiMTAuNDIwMy9jY3AuODcuMTYiLCJJU0JOIjoiOTc4MTkwNTA4ODIwMSIsIklTU04iOiIxNzU5MzQzMyIsImFic3RyYWN0IjoiQW4gZWZmaWNpZW50IG1ldGhvZCBpcyBwcmVzZW50ZWQgdG8gZmluZCBvcHRpbWFsIHNoYXBlIG9mIGFyY2ggZGFtcyBmb3IgZWFydGhxdWFrZSBsb2FkaW5nLiBUaGUgZWFydGhxdWFrZSBsb2FkcyBpcyBkZXRlcm1pbmVkIGJ5IHJlc3BvbnNlIHNwZWN0cnVtIGFuYWx5c2lzIG9mIGFyY2ggZGFtLiBUaGUgb3B0aW1pc2F0aW9uIGlzIHBlcmZvcm1lZCBieSBhIGNvbWJpbmF0aW9uIG9mIHNpbXVsdGFuZW91cyBwZXJ0dXJiYXRpb24gc3RvY2hhc3RpYyBhcHByb3hpbWF0aW9uIChTUFNBKSBhbmQgZ2VuZXRpYyBhbGdvcml0aG0gKEdBKSBtZXRob2RzLiBUaGlzIG5ldyBtZXRob2QgaXMgY2FsbGVkIHNpbXVsdGFuZW91cyBwZXJ0dXJiYXRpb24gZ2VuZXRpYyBhbGdvcml0aG0gKFNQR0EpLiBPcGVyYXRpb24gb2YgU1BHQSBpbmNsdWRlcyB0aHJlZSBwaGFzZXMuIEluIHRoZSBmaXJzdCBwaGFzZSwgYSBwcmVsaW1pbmFyeSBvcHRpbWlzYXRpb24gaXMgYWNjb21wbGlzaGVkIHVzaW5nIFNQU0EuIEluIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgcGhhc2UsIGFuIG9wdGltYWwgaW5pdGlhbCBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkIHVzaW5nIHRoZSBmaXJzdCBwaGFzZSByZXN1bHRzLiBJbiB0aGUgbGFzdCBwaGFzZSwgR0EgaXMgZW1wbG95ZWQgdG8gZmluZCBvcHRpbXVtIGRlc2lnbiB1c2luZyB0aGUgb3B0aW1hbCBpbml0aWFsIHBvcHVsYXRpb24uIFRoZSBudW1lcmljYWwgcmVzdWx0cyByZXZlYWwgdGhlIHJvYnVzdG5lc3MgYW5kIGhpZ2ggcGVyZm9ybWFuY2Ugb2YgdGhlIHByb3Bvc2VkIG1ldGhvZCBmb3Igb3B0aW11bSBkZXNpZ24gb2YgYXJjaCBkYW1zLiBUaGUgb3B0aW11bSBkZXNpZ24gb2J0YWluZWQgYnkgU1BHQSBpcyBjb21wYXJlZCB3aXRoIHRob3NlIG9mIFNQU0EgYW5kIEdBLiBJdCBpcyBvYnNlcnZlZCB0aGF0IHRoZSBiZXN0IGRlc2lnbiBpcyBjYXB0dXJlZCBieSBTUEdBIHNwZW5kaW5nIGxvdyBlZmZvcnQuIMKpIENpdmlsLUNvbXAgUHJlc3MsIDIwMDcuIiwiYXV0aG9yIjpbeyJkcm9wcGluZy1wYXJ0aWNsZSI6IiIsImZhbWlseSI6IlNhbGFqZWdoZWgiLCJnaXZlbiI6IkouIiwibm9uLWRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwicGFyc2UtbmFtZXMiOmZhbHNlLCJzdWZmaXgiOiIifSx7ImRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwiZmFtaWx5IjoiU2FsYWplZ2hlaCIsImdpdmVuIjoiRS4iLCJub24tZHJvcHBpbmctcGFydGljbGUiOiIiLCJwYXJzZS1uYW1lcyI6ZmFsc2UsInN1ZmZpeCI6IiJ9LHsiZHJvcHBpbmctcGFydGljbGUiOiIiLCJmYW1pbHkiOiJTZXllZHBvb3IiLCJnaXZlbiI6IlMuIE0uIiwibm9uLWRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwicGFyc2UtbmFtZXMiOmZhbHNlLCJzdWZmaXgiOiIifSx7ImRyb3BwaW5nLXBhcnRpY2xlIjoiIiwiZmFtaWx5IjoiR2hvbGl6YWRlaCIsImdpdmVuIjoiUy4iLCJub24tZHJvcHBpbmctcGFydGljbGUiOiIiLCJwYXJzZS1uYW1lcyI6ZmFsc2UsInN1ZmZpeCI6IiJ9XSwiY29udGFpbmVyLXRpdGxlIjoiQ2l2aWwtQ29tcCBQcm9jZWVkaW5ncyIsImlkIjoiNmRiYmYyOTMtZjNkNS01MzVhLWJkYTAtYWViNDRmYmJiZWQ2IiwiaXNzdWUiOiJEZWNlbWJlciAyMDE3IiwiaXNzdWVkIjp7ImRhdGUtcGFydHMiOltbIjIwMDciXV19LCJ0aXRsZSI6Ik9wdGltdW0gZGVzaWduIG9mIGFyY2ggZGFtcyB1c2luZyBhIGNvbWJpbmF0aW9uIG9mIHNpbXVsdGFuZW91cyBwZXJ0dXJiYXRpb24gc3RvY2hhc3RpYyBhcHByb3hpbWF0aW9uIGFuZCBnZW5ldGljIGFsZ29yaXRobXMiLCJ0eXBlIjoiYXJ0aWNsZS1qb3VybmFsIiwidm9sdW1lIjoiODciLCJjb250YWluZXItdGl0bGUtc2hvcnQiOiIifSwidXJpcyI6WyJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lm1lbmRlbGV5LmNvbS9kb2N1bWVudHMvP3V1aWQ9NDFlYzEwMjMtMDIwNi00YTZkLThjOTEtOTYzMTJlMjZkZGY1Il0sImlzVGVtcG9yYXJ5IjpmYWxzZSwibGVnYWN5RGVza3RvcElkIjoiNDFlYzEwMjMtMDIwNi00YTZkLThjOTEtOTYzMTJlMjZkZGY1In1dfQ=="><span style="border:none">(8)</span></w:sdt></span>. The paper also touches upon the growing application of Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) and robust optimization towards dealing with material property uncertainty, loading, and environmental uncertainties to achieve safer and cost-efficient designs <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="-554780392" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(9)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="-1728446333" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(10)</span></w:sdt></span> <span style="color:black"><w:sdt docpart="A395DD83E1D8495FA543B3153E95A7CF" id="91057148" sdttag="MENDELEY_CITATION_v3_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"><span style="border:none">(11)</span></w:sdt></span>. Ideal optimization objectives, such as volume reduction of concrete and dam safety maximization, are explored along with several geometric, stress, stability, and frequency constraints. Finally, it discusses the ongoing problems, including the computational expense and selection of appropriate algorithms, and instilling future research directions essential for further advancement of dam engineering practice.</span></span></span> Meta-heuristic Algorithms, Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO), Hydraulic Infrastructure 337 353 http://ijoce.iust.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-6625-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 A. Paudel paudelakash24@gmail.com 180031947532846003000 180031947532846003000 No Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal S. Chhetri 180031947532846003001 180031947532846003001 Yes Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Government of Nepal